The Use of Incense in the Roman Catholic Mass

Abstract

This paper provides a brief general introduction to clarify what incense is and how it was used in ancient times. It then examines biblical passages that discuss incense and fragrance offerings, explaining them in their respective contexts. In addition to incense, the symbolism of the "cloud" is also explored. After addressing the Old Testament, the paper analyzes relevant New Testament passages, with particular emphasis on the Book of Revelation, where incense plays a role in the heavenly liturgy. Without going into extensive detail, it notes that the Church's initial ambivalence toward the use of incense gradually gave way to its widespread liturgical adoption. The study then follows the relevant points from the Councils of Trent and Vatican II, as well as the Catechism, summarizing in eight key points the symbolic meanings that incense can carry in the liturgy. Finally, it identifies the moments in the Roman Catholic Mass where incense may be used and interprets its significance in each instance. The aim of the study is to highlight the richness of incense's symbolism and to encourage its deeper integration into liturgical catechesis. Ultimately, it concludes that the full potential of incense as a meaningful liturgical element could be better utilized to deepen the faith of the faithful, either through catechesis or through brief explanatory remarks within the context of the Mass.